子自仿射集的Hausdorff维数

定义了箱维数，研究了其性质，并获得了Ｈａｕｓｄｏｒｆｆ维数和Ｐａｃｋｉｎｇ维数的另一表达式。最后，计算了一类子集的分数维。     

Breeding systems and seed production for six weedy taxa of Bidens

Successful reproduction is considered to be the major determining factor for a weedy population to establish, colonize and infest. The breeding systems and seed production of six weedy taxa of Bidens were studied at an experimental garden in Jiangsu province in China. The results from four treatments (open pollination, bagged capitulum, decapitated capitulum, and pollen supplement) indicated that, with the exception of Bidens pilosa var. radiata, all the other five Bidens taxa; namely, B. pilosa var. pilosa, B. pilosa var. minor, B. frondosa, B.bipinnata, and B. biternata, were self‐fertile with a high seed‐set in bagged capitula, and a high autofertility index. Including the trait of vegetative propagation in self‐incompatible B. pilosa var. radiata, all the six weedy taxa of Bidens had the capacity of uniparental reproduction. The pollen limitation values for all six Bidens taxa were low in the present study. However, the seed production of B. pilosa var. radiata is likely to decrease in the absence of sufficient pollinators, related to its high pollen contribution and potential pollen limitation indices. The seed production per plant and per capitulum of the three varieties of B. pilosa was the highest among the six taxa and might contribute to their serious weediness. The breeding system type and seed number per capitulum could be used as a classification reference for Bidens taxa.     

Evaluation of angler reporting accuracy in an off‐site survey to estimate statewide steelhead harvest

Accuracy of angler‐reported data on steelhead, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), harvest in Idaho, USA, was quantified by comparing data recorded on angler harvest permits to the numbers that the same group of anglers reported in an off‐site survey. Anglers could respond to the off‐site survey using mail or Internet; if they did not respond using these methods, they were called on the telephone. A majority of anglers responded through the mail, and the probability of responding by Internet decreased with increasing age of the respondent. The actual number of steelhead harvested did not appear to influence the response type. Anglers in the autumn 2012 survey overreported harvest by 24%, whereas anglers in the spring 2013 survey under‐reported steelhead harvest by 16%. The direction of reporting bias may have been a function of actual harvest, where anglers harvested on average 2.6 times more fish during the spring fishery than the autumn. Reporting bias that is a function of actual harvest can have substantial management and conservation implications because the fishery will be perceived to be performing better at lower harvest rates and worse when harvest rates are higher. Thus, these findings warrant consideration when designing surveys and evaluating management actions.     

Variation in growth rates and aggressiveness of naturally occurring self‐fertile and self‐sterile isolates of the wilt pathogen Ceratocystis albifundus

Ceratocystis albifundus is the most important fungal pathogen of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) grown in plantations in southern and eastern Africa. It is a homothallic fungus but also undergoes unidirectional mating type switching. As a result, the ascospore progeny can be either self‐fertile or self‐sterile. The only apparent difference between these mating types is the deletion of the MAT1‐2‐1 gene in self‐sterile isolates. There is some evidence suggesting that self‐sterile isolates grow more slowly than self‐fertile isolates, but this has not been tested rigorously. The aim of this study was to determine whether self‐sterile isolates are less fit by examining growth rate, relative germination rate and pathogenicity. Five self‐sterile isolates were generated from each of five self‐fertile isolates of C. albifundus and these 30 isolates were compared. The results showed that the self‐sterile isolates grew consistently slower and were less pathogenic than the self‐fertile isolates. The germination ratio of self‐fertile to self‐sterile isolates from single ascospores collected from the ascomata of five self‐fertile isolates was on average 7:3. This could be a consequence of the self‐sterile isolates having a lower germination rate. This observation, and the lower growth and pathogenicity levels, suggests that self‐sterile isolates are not likely to compete effectively in nature, raising intriguing questions regarding their role and value to C. albifundus and other fungi having a similar mating system.     

大学生自我和谐与日常烦心事及其应对方式的关系研究

采用自我和谐、日常烦心事和应对方式问卷对300名大学新生进行调查。研究结果表明：①大学新生自我和谐处于中等程度;在日常烦心事中,人际关系、学业疏离、时间压力对学生影响较大;解决问题和求助是学生常采用的应对方式。②不同性别和生源地学生在自我和谐、日常烦心事和应对方式部分维度上存在显著差异。③自我和谐及各维度与日常烦心事和...     

Can the presence of a large conspecific improve the production and welfare of groups of smaller self‐feeder competent rainbow trout?

This study examined the production and welfare effects of including a large self‐feeder competent rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) (~665 g) in groups of smaller self‐feeder competent conspecifics (~234 g). Costs and benefits were examined for both welfare (aggression, fin damage, condition and mortality) and production (self‐feeder utilization and growth). The 8‐week experiment used six groups of small trout; three treatment groups containing a large trout and three control groups. After 4 weeks the large fish were removed from treatment groups and added to control groups, thus reversing the treatments. Whilst it was thought that the presence of a larger fish would suppress aggression in smaller conspecifics this did not occur. In fact aggression was significantly (P = 0.036) higher when large trout were present during the first 4 weeks. No significant differences were found between other welfare indicators, self‐feeder utilization or production parameters. From a production and welfare perspective these results suggest that with the exception of initially increasing aggression larger fish do not represent a significant benefit or risk to smaller conspecifics being cultured in self‐feeder equipped tanks, when all fish are self‐feeder competent.     

弹簧预紧力可调式振动深松机设计与试验

为了减小深松机的耕作阻力和拖拉机的动力消耗,增强深松机对不同类型土壤的适用性,设计了弹簧预紧力可调式自激振动深松机。在机具工作过程中,通过自激振动单元的振动作用,可有效减小深松机的牵引阻力;通过弹簧预紧力调节机构可改变弹簧的预紧力,以适应不同物理特性的土壤,获得理想的深松效果。田间试验表明在保证耕深的前提下,合适的弹簧预紧力可有效减小机具的耕作阻力。为了测试该深松机的减阻性能,设计了2.5、3.2、4.0km/h 3种作业速度和250、300、350mm 3种深松深度,进行了两因素三水平的全因素试验,试验结果表明：在不同作业速度与深松深度下,与非振动深松机相比,该深松机均能有效减小牵引阻力,减阻比为10.30%~22.65%;对不同作业速度和深松深度下的振动深松牵引阻力和非振动牵引阻力进行了方差分析。结果表明作业速度、耕作深度和机具类型对深公机工作阻力均有显著性影响,在不同作业速度下,由于自激振动单元的减阻作用,随着耕作深度的增加,振动深松牵引阻力增加速度小于非振动深松。     

多自由度自锁式香蕉收割机的设计与仿真

针对大规模香蕉种植基地香蕉收割机具的研发比较缺乏的现状,设计了一种多自由度自锁式香蕉收割机。该机主要由动力系统、进给系统及收割系统等组成,手动与电动混合操作方式,既可作为收割机,同时又可作为小型运输机及牵引机使用。采用三维造型软件Solid Works对其建立模型,并对关键结构进行相应的运动仿真。结果表明:该机设计满足工作要求,可为其他类似农作物收割机具的设计提供参考。     

多自由度自锁式香蕉收割机的有限元分析

针对大规模香蕉种植基地香蕉收割机具的研发比较缺乏,研制了一种多自由度自锁式香蕉收割机。该机可收割各型株高的香蕉,具有自锁、多自由度动作及小型运输等特点。通过分析该机的工作原理,对其关键零部件建立有限元模型,进行基于ANSYS的有限元分析。结果表明:收割机关键零部件的刚度和强度满足工作要求。自锁式多自由度香蕉收割机的研制可为其他类似农作物收割机具的研制提供参考。